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Nagavarma II
Nagavarma II (mid-11th or mid-12th century) was a Kannada language scholar and grammarian in the court of the Western Chalukya Empire that ruled from Basavakalyan, in modern Karnataka state, India. He was the earliest among the three most notable and authoritative grammarians of Old-Kannada language (Keshiraja of c. 1260 and Bhattakalanka Deva of c. 1604 being the other two).〔Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 476〕 Nagavarma II's reputation stems from his notable contributions to various genres of Kannada literature including prosody, rhetoric, poetics, grammar and vocabulary.〔 According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Nagavarma II is unique in all of ancient Kannada literature, in this aspect. His writings are available and are considered standard authorities for the study of Kannada language and its growth.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 65〕〔
Nagavarma II was honored with the title "poet laureate" (''Katakacharya'') and "military teacher" (''Katakopadhyaya'') by Chalukya King Jagadhekamalla.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 64–65, p. 19〕〔Shastri (1955), p. 358〕〔 His most famous works are ''Kavyavalokana'' ("Treatise on the art of poetry) on grammar, rhetoric and poetics; ''Karnataka-Bhashabhushana'' ("Ornament of the Karnataka language"), on grammar; ''Vastukosa'' (or ''Abhidanavastukosa'', ''lit'', "Treasury of significations"), a lexicon; and ''Varadhamanapurana'', a Jain purana ("epic").〔〔〔Kamath (2001), p. 115〕〔 Nagavarma II's grammatical model is based on the Katantra school of Sanskrit grammar and the author styles himself ''Abhinava Sarvavarma'' ("Modern Sarvavarma"), Sarvavarma being a noted Sanskrit grammarian to a Satavahana king.〔〔
==Life==
Historians are divided about the actual period when Nagavarma II lived. According to the scholars R. Narasimhachar (author of ''Kannada Kavicharitre''), and K.A. Nilakanta Shastri, Nagavarma II was the poet laureate of Chalukya king Jagadhekamalla II (r. 1138–1153) and his works are hence datable to c. 1145–1150.〔〔〔Mugali (2006), p. 176〕 The modern Kannada poet and scholar Govinda Pai, in his research ''Nagachandrana Kala Vichara'' ("Nagachandra's age", 1955) identified three famous Nagavarmas in medieval Kannada literature. Pai estimated that Nagavarma II lived from c. 1120–1200.〔Bhat (1993), p. 106〕 However, after the discovery of the writing ''Varadhamanapurana'', dated to c. 1042, and authored by Nagavarma II, it is now held by scholars such as D.R. Nagaraj and Sheldon Pollock that the grammarian was under the patronage of Chalukya King Jayasimha II (r.1015–1042) who also went by the title "Jagadekhamalla", and therefore all of his works were written around c. 1042.〔Pollock (2006), p. 340, p. 349〕〔Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1475〕〔Nagaraj (2003), p. 327〕〔Singh (2001), p. 6147〕
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